Topic 0th: medical health medicine care practice patient training treatment patients hospital surgery clinical physicians physician hospitals doctors therapy physical nursing doctor practitioners services degree american disease professional examination emergency chiropractic pathology surgical occupational healthcare profession surgeons trained nurses diseases procedures programs united association professionals board family nurse treatments diagnosis techniques practices specialty practitioner body treat residency dr program certification healing traditional pharmacy osteopathic rehabilitation surgeon college veterinary certified providers uk anesthesia conditions specialist illness acupuncture education knowledge pediatrics midwifery experience treated quality licensed specialists diagnostic hippocrates dentistry hours therapies pain drugs field therapists preventive clinics interventions medicare specialized national neurology countries palliative sick treating radiology hospice royal physiotherapy qualified psychology ophthalmology assistant scope obstetrics medicines universal psychiatry course advance research epidemiology public respiratory insurance anatomy dermatology conventional supervision manipulation modern clinic technology pediatric settings management speech professions healthy appropriate biomedical procedure prevention apply podiatric level practicing centers optometry journal anesthesiology assessment intervention oral staff tests spinal focus hygiene gynecology accredited facilities specialties oncology exam chiropractors human therapeutic issues effective podiatry tcm licensing provider musculoskeletal practiced role fellowship trauma laboratory illnesses disorders chronic internship school allopathic condition medications homeopathy complementary herbal prescribe nhs prior naturopathic midwives audiology ill pathologists dental remedies usa Topic 1th: memory intel processor instruction processors cpu performance instructions architecture hardware data address core cache computer processing operating program registers process design mode chip virtual parallel clock cpus amd computers kernel access computing pentium chips ibm running speed processes execution space machine bus programs line designs interrupt power bits modern operations applications software mhz operation machines threads architectures system ram physical embedded code microprocessor unit implemented pipeline systems execute tasks addressing technology cycle released designed logic task risc units thread branch floating level resources itanium microprocessors athlon shared cluster ghz cores nvidia segment ati device modes cost devices integrated simultaneously interrupts implement control implementation priority executed store supercomputer page distributed supercomputers dec version addresses slower caches switch load multiprocessing write array features latency context bytes kib executing pc family motorola dedicated vector blocks geforce multitasking speeds model mib platform stack sparc market simultaneous protected programming mips graphics dram multithreading location waiting cray application table switching complexity implementations expensive general-purpose servers scheduling mach byte stream versions kernels desktop wait cycles compatibility counter stored workstations radeon feature storage compatible real-time written nm isa logical sun capable socket high-end block extreme gpus gpu call hp powerpc monolithic parallelism calls sse superscalar virtualization approach capability Topic 2th: party soviet communist union revolution war political government socialist power stalin revolutionary movement regime parties people led leadership republic lenin communists world communism mao military civil democratic international western trotsky coup leader workers leaders opposition socialism china economic central country national cold russian social policy congress period control split nationalist germany influence committee struggle soviets reform crisis organization overthrow eastern bolsheviks russia supporters ussr dictatorship gorbachev role mass vietnam policies marxist governments reforms forces movements pact europe countries democracy liberation ideology conference west bolshevik socialists propaganda organized regimes protests demonstrations repression foreign ideological bloc invasion revolutions leading economy radical militant official history politics organizations army president doctrine public minister program elections opponents secretary collapse provisional anti-communist khrushchev chairman resistance relations junta peasants elected secret maoist declared established berlin era zedong unity society plan aid ruling founded kgb elements council faction revolutionaries youth armed independent stalinist sino-soviet factions rule czechoslovakia authoritarian argued exile death events east solidarity politically theory alliance marxism prominent proletariat powers development republics actions strikes comintern united coups cultural capitalist nationalists arrested agreement leftist speech deng police orwell controlled intellectuals cuba establishment politburo strike denounced left-wing leon border affairs nations moscow planned moderate constitution force ruled class conflict Topic 3th: french france paris louis le du des napoleon revolution les jean century pierre europe spain jacques spanish en royal henri european françois versailles philippe belgium toulouse bonaparte lyon marseille english occitan grand belgian michel est georges sur andré national gaulle pour nicolas claude founded marie bourbon strasbourg une liège algeria sarkozy française académie saint napoleonic bordeaux burgundy école rené revolutionary par king lille duc château commune bernard parisian antoine orléans département calais loire maurice nationale roman chirac avignon voltaire algerian xvi centre grande led oïl petit huguenots un metz nantes catholic inhabitants ou official republic que normandy au français philip rouen victor luxembourg abandoned jules napoléon société alsace raymond dans provence languedoc rhône lorraine nice walloon parlement meuse montpellier england régime influence figures comte established alain madame henry dreyfus histoire caen leading mont dominique served overseas diderot born seine roi qui breton reims count brussels joan affair austria richelieu rue aquitaine pays chartres nord louvre public poitiers oise langue monde pas amiens ancien minister fln alexandre departments navarre pronounced savoy favour denis jean-baptiste lost tours nouvelle grenoble lycée creation cardinal notre-dame carcassonne orange dauphin italian palais marquis corsica counts jacobins jean-pierre albert blanc aux ardennes francis institut moved robespierre belfort Topic 4th: signal radio frequency signals digital transmission channel antenna frequencies receiver communication transmitter analog modulation transmitted mhz data channels bandwidth power communications interference information band noise systems transmit rate wireless bits error receivers carrier audio transmitters standard spectrum transmitting antennas telegraph wave khz errors system pulse gps phase distance am rf filter equipment radios analogue output amateur amplitude ghz coding hz station fm detect transmissions satellite line speed waves correction reception broadcast stations uhf medium morse standards method bands code modulated television maximum mode rates electromagnetic technology electrical operate microwave detection cb propagation telecommunication applications pulses clock delay shortwave multiplexing devices operation timing schemes radar carry telegraphy continuous fixed process optical link ground sequence designed capacity broadcasting satellites technique marconi telephone vhf signaling distances division encoding mast shift hertz cables fibre operators oscillator device ofdm interval communicate loop stream signalling practical sideband filters electronics encoded techniques cable effective synchronization sampling repeater ieee space repeaters processing keying commercial telex telecommunications spread navigation links electronic levels scheme voice components developed transfer input asynchronous pair transmits conventional miles dac quantization simultaneously parity fcc expensive interfere meters limits remote location conversion practice baseband precise performance adjacent directional quality mbit pattern discrete distortion users orthogonal relay Topic 5th: island islands australia australian zealand south british land pacific mainland sydney territory māori ocean melbourne colony coast caribbean cook guinea population settlement queensland indigenous aboriginal hawaii hawaiian sea western saint victoria australians bermuda indian government world commonwealth miles bay established northern settlers antarctic archipelago southern virgin samoa continent wales strait nevis tasmania native fiji colonies european papua led adelaide cayman solomon english east isle polynesian cape auckland coral harbour brisbane gibraltar kingdom overseas canberra islanders barbados tonga falkland people guernsey colonial arrived north atoll west jersey guam kitts wellington trinidad base polynesia governor tourism fishing inhabitants sandwich anguilla km² queen tobago montserrat centre indies nauru caledonia crown turks kilometres europeans treaty te reef settled georgia niue caicos port pitcairn national asia discovered territories jamaica kiribati century captain islets tourists arrival vanuatu ascension vincent george christmas antarctica chief country tuvalu square bahamas royal mi ross tristan andaman site expedition recognised annual mount occupied origin helena cunha landed grenada perth antilles natives cairns unique nsw torres recorded home defence waters station sir voyage norfolk industry sugar majority possession tasmanian history tokelau substantial explorer cent nicobar dominica culture micronesia maori tropical heard oceania hawaiʻi greenland volcanic aruba martinique uninhabited fishermen terra belize aborigines Topic 6th: israel israeli arab palestinian lebanon syria egypt palestine war jordan jerusalem west jewish gaza east egyptian refugees syrian lebanese bank arabs minister peace palestinians government strip conflict united jews sharon country forces land hamas people plan world prime british military iraq refugee movement tel hezbollah israelis population mandate beirut kibbutz control arabic damascus un nations national border kibbutzim political occupied aviv security settlements sinai zionist zionism muslim region borders president authority attacks christian settlement countries western led nasser plo territories agreement human withdrawal killed establishment international community force foreign resolution religious idf arab-israeli druze jordanian fatah northern baath occupation presence arafat line al hebrew suez established council declared likud immigration disengagement gulf league independent arabia fled attack history situation ariel hussein captured crisis organization cairo opposition christians official status civil defense heights haifa accords french knesset village founded southern leader protest withdrew negotiations armed ottoman destroyed territory violence intifada golan eastern mediterranean hebron home villages rights soldiers six-day settlers gush university modern el calls king majority announced visit iraqi report mount mubarak galilee maronite won party camp displaced cabinet attacked civilians petra syrians israeli-palestinian live massacre acre signed canal withdraw map camps oslo kingdom brotherhood communities calling al-aqsa wave pressure Topic 7th: people park tourism parks public travel hotel fair bars activities bar hotels tourist visitors home clubs world resort outdoor restaurants events pool beach street tourists event facilities restaurant guests theme tickets club entertainment activity amusement industry expo traditional pub ticket holiday space leisure living cho recreation stay live house homes pubs hours destination resorts attractions attraction houses location rides business establishments enjoy tent pools casino swimming experience staff ride patrons locations inn exhibition garden homeless venue recreational venues fairs gambling visit guest lottery indoor tour hiking food permanent feature trip shops serve cities ban owners luxury hall attract help spaces seats wilderness adventure guides residents roller camping customers cultural tents facility york pavilion temporary vacation beaches casinos building surfing organized coaster evening disneyland unique bathing accommodation traveling destinations cafe dedicated package hospitality meals items sit establishment sold host environment walking travellers seating community sell catering modern visiting admission country visitor holidays bath gardens attractive expensive closing extreme ecotourism travelling mass sports dining tours development trips carousel hobby halls residence serving break established premises sleeping booth fun exhibits opportunities stalls coasters permitted baths weekends exposition visited village centers lifestyle nature prizes visits shop filk heritage participants floor national grand pleasure seaside Topic 8th: population rate people percent income living poor poverty rates growth world countries developed housing age life social economic country percentage health household death households statistics united home education urban human level mortality cities development live median rural estimates capita census family rights survey national report populations expectancy figures levels status demographic families literacy inequality developing nations freedom index birth growing wealth persons estimate majority reported figure food lives fertility proportion density laws political cia access care employment official homes distribution incomes rich press children bureau lack decades abortion class personal aids unemployment civil annual corruption americans poorer trends listed law publications women residents measures adult research retrieved measure drinking statistical equality deaths regions prevalence infant malthus data www gov surveys society standard poorest ease billion steady ownership affluent trend quality cent extreme females perception gap resources educational conducted hiv business males counted homosexuality legal hdi fewer immigrant school policy account penalty immigration welfare educated absolute richest impact peak independence crime aged property rose factor un homicide economically sanitation paying indicators affected factors comprise the-world-factbook comparison accounted industrialized decade suicide censuses impoverished issues gini comprehensive annually lifestyle definition demographics authors gross attainment html> benefits ages migration enjoy producer heritage usd relief Topic 9th: century modern history period ancient europe western developed era medieval ages development historical world age classical greek roman ad european influence tradition led historians renaissance spread periods empire latin established bc west traditions influential culture revolution traditional scholars contemporary origins central wrote evolved antiquity historian written survived developments dating cultural introduction marked role greece cultures decades dominated invention literature religious eastern regarded christian contributed traced arose greeks civilization historically east dominant invented recorded elements leading grew th-century england practice prominent tended revival played emergence romans writings founded society flourished writers survive ideas expanded creation roots life intellectual millennium dated surviving secular credited trend influences histories wars rich idea origin lost ce rome helped innovations beginnings figures expansion advent christianity india prior revived lived golden events egypt writing texts classic founding records art millennia enlightenment enabled innovation onwards ca distinct eras gradual advances circa inspired division laid spain trace employed existence traditionally islamic disappeared transition establishment characteristic indian contemporaries growing impact treatise ideal reflected foundation dark dominate figure civilizations renewed characteristics mediterranean source documented elsewhere twelfth prominence progress establishing dominance historiography systematic adoption arts inventions refined prehistoric stages achievements shifted shift efforts conquest europeans kingdoms modern-day technological attributed founder contributions experienced Topic 10th: theory quantum universe physics mechanics particles matter particle relativity einstein model space physical light classical field theories principle energy fundamental experiment experiments planck wave cosmic momentum gravity spacetime interaction observer mass observed physicists constant speed laws electromagnetic nature equations bang force photons interactions expansion standard gauge objects string vacuum gravitational background theoretical radiation properties cosmological scale quarks existence hole albert maxwell symmetry heisenberg photon equation lorentz phenomena inflation newton dirac effect spin density quark uncertainty observable mathematical experimental relativistic forces models predicted predictions fields measurement feynman discovered effects interpretation cosmology elementary motion holes schrödinger observers electron observations space-time microwave idea bosons value electromagnetism dark expanding physicist aether bohr gravitation dimensions atoms measurements newtonian collapse angular mechanical event limit probability infinite virtual events paper spatial travel hawking atomic led atom fermions description discovery metric formulation parameters behavior horizon max unified explanation scales modern structure masses universes black measured understanding decay electrodynamics pauli experimentally finite wavefunction subatomic accurate distant fluctuations concept proton anthropic frame electrons mathematically charge predict constants quantization creation boson perturbation paradox energies discrete transformations phenomenon prediction coordinate observation hamiltonian transformation predicts nobel calculations singularity values mechanism waves zero higgs path formulated account curvature charged dynamics law neutron assumed development Topic 11th: effect cause control effects action factors level negative causes conditions positive lead levels factor events loss event affect potential situation condition impact leads actions situations sufficient affected process effective instance consequence consequences extreme mechanisms maintain lack shift influence phenomenon controlled outcome period reducing degree chance reduction balance limits combination experience mechanism circumstances absence course hand affects act feedback reverse substantial limit possibility true try environment stress critical experienced dependent nature suffer necessarily risk tendency behavior shifts periods stable rate presence target beneficial alter leading duration controls occurrence benefit subject strength physical activity observed acting conversely scenario controlling affecting lose creates sudden generate break causation rely prior unexpected lost mean contribute predictable characteristics fewer al perceived termed virtually suddenly benefits acts variations moreover relies poor help pattern outcomes undesirable appropriate regardless solution behaviour whilst proportion unpredictable whenever eliminate limiting indicate finding causal arise temporarily poorly worse altering threshold unlikely relation induce falls unintended negatively stronger overcome step insufficient eg responsible susceptible induced indicates feel solely consequently assume none whereby effectiveness discussed theoretically minimal ensure delayed loses intervention manner applied expectations altered moment instances versus trigger relationship scenarios desirable generated attention impacts capacity discussion stability predict simultaneously danger exceed introduction risks positively Topic 12th: roman rome empire bc emperor caesar romans constantine augustus carthage senate italy latin legions ancient city emperors ad republic pompey imperial julius nero gaul power claudius hannibal leo cicero marcus tiberius political antony greek justinian reign germanic tribes battle consul punic death sulla constantinople provinces africa mediterranean byzantine carthaginian octavian lucius province maximus dictator hadrian cleopatra consuls alexios sicily military franks tacitus alexander rule hispania modern gaius history eastern public east caligula army vandals cato etruscan trajan legion people romulus andronikos mark diocletian imperium conquered century severus command title citizens titus goths livy romanos office authority julia praetorian republican governor aurelius slaves crassus civil barbarian soldiers zeno gallic egypt vespasian domitian marius commodus gauls historians theodosius ptolemy western suetonius troops wars kings gibbon praetor byzantium danube forum pliny germania visigoths tribune senators isaac frankish justin iberian brutus iberia theodoric granted prefect tribe basil cavalry campaign king carthaginians scipio manuel cornelius nikephoros head agrippina guard barbarians imperator west polybius lost died rhine pontifex patrician cassius hill theodora historian italian elected heraclius caracalla gallia enemies plutarch dio theodore julian elder superior etruscans influence led triumvirate period founded frontier cohorts galba appointed established historical septimius triumph revolt temple magistrates pagan killed successor greeks Topic 13th: units unit scale standard measure measured measurement ratio measures measuring weight value measurements si metric height standards absolute volume definition accurate scales quantity physical mass level meter meters distance metre base values weights reference inches kg quantities factor accuracy international degree precise calculated conversion figure comparison precision indicator survey indicates foot mean magnitude kilogram compare metres indicate imperial gauge dimensions constant symbol accurately feet ratios pounds inch square factors instrument maximum figures rule minute steps bar instance definitions conditions mile ton proportion cm standardized calculate degrees modern method speed variations percentage cubic indicating proportions calculation zero distances counting uncertainty fundamental lb practice calibration plus density usage abbreviated fraction natural fit corresponds confusion account prototype grams interval comparisons customary bureau quarter fixed error true weighed indicators weighing prefixes calibrated pound mole applied minus celsius surveying variation historically approximate dimensionless preferred width surveys hour calculations system minimum indicated decimal multiplied lengths kelvin marks equals estimate practical nominal iso kilograms determination scientific yards convention relationship official ft applies quantify numerical instruments count location internationally rounded shorter multiples prefix indication ideal necessarily adoption denoted traditional pure recommended reading ml diameter appropriate gallon standardization counts abbreviation express quoted regardless cgpm litre represented nowadays averaged surveyors Topic 14th: government country united foreign british independence republic territory national nations countries status political territories nation citizens powers sovereignty independent union citizenship commonwealth sovereign diplomatic colonies governments kingdom power relations territorial official people facto autonomy empire recognition federation declaration control nationality war affairs international overseas colonial constitution citizen rule granted law treaty policy established federal head republics formal representative central borders subject authority legal military border entity britain diplomacy regions colony permanent agreement visa recognised passport economic declared entities jure constitutional ambassador passports dominion issued creation immigration abroad officials embassy mission practice role persons french resident diplomats entry travel recognize nationals representatives referendum jurisdiction relationship situation born rights office uk host occupation self-determination self-governing realms exercise existence system regional administration annexation disputed constituent france unitary embassies act imperial laws dominions residence residents maintain instance home documents secession historical apply movements european concept administrative immunity policies dual degree treaties monarchy boundaries enjoy federalism protectorate commissioner dependent ambassadors crown realm nation-state conflict transfer governed exceptions naturalization historically establish hand china ties domestic hold consular signed distinct institutions nationalist customs recognise represented politically wish granting acquire confederation shared missions modern visas security applied defence component administered respective foreigners statehood agreements acquired hong issuing structure Topic 15th: india tamil king indian century temple sanskrit kannada empire south ancient sri period dynasty karnataka kingdom ce rama ashoka literature history hindu temples kings lanka vedic dr nadu bce buddhist ruled inscriptions people chola rule mahabharata kerala region telugu western northern krishna river shiva lord southern capital inscription modern bc chandragupta dravidian chalukyas purana rigveda vishnu kingdoms country gupta ramayana style written jain maurya religious indra malayalam kambojas ad epic asia scholars power age central rulers origin cholas ganesha eastern andhra language royal madurai ganga mysore classical chalukya sita hoysala legend texts caste magadha mauryan pradesh district reign land ruler north ravana badami architecture arjuna court deccan culture established vijayanagara greek wrote hanuman kalinga gandhara buddhism records emperor brahmins world puranas bharata buddha hymns kushan composed brahmin city kamboja goddess elephants sangam chief ruling tradition pandyas dated coins religion alexander art chanakya ayodhya spread legends references books era pallavas nanda pandya pp verses sarasvati epics indus bengal kalidasa edicts indo-aryan carnatic stone rashtrakutas sage regions east conquered thanjavur born independent battle deity pallava west sinhalese maharashtra trade subcontinent tamils family punjab historians rich vyasa literary pulakesi expanded chera death society devotional pataliputra patronage poet princess celebrated hinduism bindusara prakrit rashtrakuta Topic 16th: jewish jews hebrew judaism israel torah god temple moses rabbi jerusalem law bible biblical orthodox talmud religious abraham exodus laws modern jacob people solomon rabbis conservative community judah genesis prayer isaac israelites synagogue aramaic land tradition scholars reform jew traditional commandments ben communities bce rabbinic book yiddish king view practice maimonides mount holy century ashkenazi halakha ce written rabbinical babylonian word mishnah authorities text study oral period sabbath kings tanakh kabbalah synagogues joshua blessing destruction prayers deuteronomy passover covenant life sons ancient aaron psalms shabbat literature rosh hasidic movement josephus kosher priest testament reading levi noah service midrash israelite ark scrolls priests sanhedrin pharisees sinai egypt ezra worship tribe zohar books judea septuagint children talmudic yom esther women leviticus elijah forbidden hold prophets texts services descendants era secular traditionally exile ritual authority customs custom bar lord sephardic mitzvah samuel priestly messiah developed christians divine account chabad verse passages canaan haredi sages city commentary conversion kippur commandment rebbe holds herod ishmael contemporary diaspora origin dead hand judges narrative rashi daily masoretic reconstructionist halakhic interpretation sukkot mitzvot sefer christian source eastern sephardi kabbalistic tribes baal sarah recited shem ezekiel generations leaders yahweh pentateuch verses binding living congregations hebrews traditions non-jewish yeshiva regarded Topic 17th: ireland irish northern argentina british dublin republic argentine national belfast ulster ira home country buenos people aires cork catholic century rule united province led republican dáil south government population catholics gaelic nationalist protestant english citation modern traditional limerick community level patrick nationalists established public world sinn island majority political galway history kingdom civil troubles counties european north period féin éireann independent county forces unionist derry agreement official unionists protestants perón independence class provisional association mayo collins act status loyalist military waterford war munster native system britain famine founded anti-treaty republicans patagonia violence subject southern anglo-irish na hunger marked armed immigrants kilkenny elsewhere campaign situation split mac lack taoiseach cities union service presence hurling wexford figures internationally predominantly recorded base valera donegal rural tallaght tango mendoza paramilitary disappeared feature uk sectarian río language fianna roman dominated leinster meath suspended minority provincial pampa controlled communities fuego organised politics shannon immigration role partition identity provinces growing pampas fáil recognised true loyalists bloody oireachtas plata president tierra perceived popularity orange armagh republicanism substantial declared politicians land style kerry represented illegal paramilitaries recognition organisations córdoba acts police influence arrived border links decades rosario movement composed launched religious settlement all-ireland sligo volunteers celtic connell leading foreign Topic 18th: economic trade economy world government growth countries country industry foreign production sector gdp development domestic billion industrial market policy nations international industries investment oil crisis exports agricultural economies prices global export policies developing markets resources developed services national products system governments agriculture food capital nation imports manufacturing famine power financial infrastructure sectors tariffs growing subsidies exchange tariff china debt import led competition natural inflation period political companies wealth poor imported leading measures levels farmers producers reform reforms labor product imf enterprises expansion capita monetary controls demand currency rates trading revenues gross unemployment producer percent deficit privatization program corruption fiscal business surplus workers commercial technology revolution net public economists globalization barriers corporations grew economically institutions boom budget aid restrictions standards massive price recession depression output activity lack reserves investments role access steel finance businesses heavy raw experienced consumer gnp commerce projects transportation industrialization fund agreements dependent abroad process grown employment dollars shortages commodities purchasing consumers living jobs conditions forced scale security famines poverty reduction asian agreement rich collapse efforts stability rural decade creation citizens grow technological wto labour productivity bank impact trillion exported regional exporting region force implemented money substantial factories firms intervention taxes construction oecd cheap transition united recovery overseas Topic 19th: film films movie production movies director cinema studio hollywood released pictures picture studios directed motion release shot sound scene actors feature television scenes industry effects directors documentary silent theater american theaters action productions actor dvd horror video screen filmed star critics footage audience box academy animation filmmakers independent cut filming script paramount office producer theatrical story producers awards dialogue kubrick editing starring version festival crew audiences golden classic rating warner shooting camera mgm visual screenplay soundtrack genre distribution features score award stars entertainment shots hitchcock universal budget character united decade commercial fox adaptation releases won bros noir era cast filmmaking theatres title characters dubbed sequel project sequence role animated techniques minutes tv home violence spielberg music played filmmaker source creative plot comedy lucas lost cinemas cinematic artists america featuring designer editor cinematography alex world brothers westerns sequences adapted wars low-budget york medium international acting art live disney exploitation black sequels location rights festivals decades reviews line rko arts documentaries dramatic stanley shoot wave soundtracks lecter cannes material assistant running cult hannibal roles kane costume drama screening trailer coppola acclaimed cameron lang quality remake content critical theme mpaa lighting premiere distributors welles scorsese presentation premiered cgi dubbing company post-production blockbuster actress Topic 20th: party election vote elections parties voting votes candidate candidates majority political voters seats electoral democratic elected opposition coalition government ballot won conservative referendum liberal labour representation voter national campaign leader voted democrats presidential proportional win united parliament seat minority democracy parliamentary cast supporters polls winner representatives method round plurality reform issues ballots electors elect condorcet independent methods electorate winning constituency politics constituencies poll alliance system lost process count preferences conservatives greens people districts citizens preference leadership turnout politicians preferred representative polling assembly legislative campaigns mps led media policy hold post progressive eliminated corruption country rule runoff office referendums liberals eligible federal suffrage ruling republican leading power district legislature effect split population ensure criteria outcome bloc lead victory announced platform influence decision margin wins incumbent policies criterion governments defeat contest fewer president percent irv observers constitution gerrymandering initiative favour independence dominated democracies counted senate participate favor democrat opinion yes counting petition mp compromise dominant commission ndp public losing preferential represented coalitions fraud independents fair faction threshold arrow contested prominent borda share socialist absolute social partisan campaigning winners factions citizen two-party level signatures mixed membership nomination nominated nationwide requirement transferable measures argue strategic debate quota papers proposal howard house ranking options compulsory Topic 21th: dutch netherlands indonesia vietnam malaysia van indonesian thailand singapore east people asia vietnamese thai malay belgium century region java south southeast flemish belgian amsterdam asian country province myanmar portuguese burma brussels cambodia philippines north government burmese javanese national suharto khmer flanders kingdom trade central official malaysian independence chinese provinces southern sumatra west antwerp sultan holland jakarta rice english british colonial borneo india malacca laos bangkok bali language influence ethnic timor pot population lao world regions afrikaans capital minh leiden established indies malays history shan centre culture trading sukarno utrecht aceh merchants majapahit majority ho sarawak brunei penang archipelago china northern rotterdam orange moved french sultanate kuala het johor rule sabah indian pol control regional controlled spice border republic yogyakarta malaya traders rouge mekong kalimantan modern saigon islam hanoi en lumpur siam religious bandung empire angkor sulawesi community european balinese wayang sri wallonia foreign brabant cambodian maluku dominant viet western den straits kedah austronesian chin retrieved hague srivijaya asean indonesians cultural chi french-speaking distinct cities present-day converted speak villages situation spoken occupation golden nam stadtholder kelantan home coastal isan walloon level sunda zeeland buddhism groningen predominantly living indochina society administration haarlem voc nguyễn catholic village colony company family grew yangon fled Topic 22th: tax income taxes pay paid rate revenue taxation government benefit plan sales benefits rates value plans money cost property federal flat personal retirement net united vat pension revenues taxed progressive contributions business contribution paying account costs services percentage payments gross collected imposed subject taxable burden exempt service capital countries effective marginal people levied expenses payment pensions charge employee base scheme pays duty avoidance level economic irs effect employer levy credits savings consumption evasion charged fund applied earnings budget taxpayer businesses system purchase portion annual exemption fairtax wages household collection social uk incentive maximum estate employees owed accounts apply governments funds salary regressive excise act subsidy rent deductions welfare taxpayers corporate assets loss period stamp regardless fixed section collect transfer incomes depreciation treated deduction public financial share security allowance age reduction profits eligible expenditure fiscal exemptions sum applies provision negative argue profit cash fees sale compensation dollar rules rich law taxing legal national code poor bill argument employers minimum source proportion wealth encourage impose roth price poll cap citizens allowances plus legislation expense activity contribute instance authority compliance cut calculated ownership limit expenditures credit purchases payroll prior payable salaries dollars proceeds persons excess asset impact rebate realized balance cents voluntary schemes Topic 23th: building buildings construction wall tower walls architecture house site stone palace structure houses structures floor hall design constructed designed architectural world style towers architect roof square interior gothic dome center architects space cathedral ground feet castle height garden ft temple historic entrance monument hill arch brick stones plan statue columns build marble museum floors gate wooden erected central windows gardens century meters doors foundation covered residence structural bricks furniture roofs monuments stands glass laid designs destroyed feature decorated carved exterior location base features homes wood tiles arches gates domes door level ceiling housed spaces fire window standing blocks revival surrounding platform project apartment masonry basement steel castles rebuilt chapel statues installed landscape dedicated decoration kitchen courtyard heritage baroque apartments centre demolished foundations stood visible halls palaces temples plans corner metres enclosed column memorial outer fortifications decorative fountain residential panels bridge occupied iron ruins wright massive abbey shape styles planned view steps builders completion fountains tile constructions materials facade block appearance restored sites restoration housing visitors stairs commissioned plaza timber pillars circular sculptures vault fortified chamber reinforced trade moved romanesque foot round builder layout park vaults elements inner rectangular sections temporary connected defensive residences north employed beneath pieces painted granite engineers Topic 24th: theory logic true mathematics mathematical statement logical truth proof formal false knowledge natural theories argument belief axioms reasoning rules proposition theorem language russell statements sentences inference principle semantics gödel definition propositions predicate sentence sets axiom proofs universal relation classical calculus paradox rule valid arguments theorems consistency justified logically mathematicians expression formula model question hypothesis fuzzy assumption propositional premises applied notion analysis concepts frege arithmetic proven infinite interpretation justification idea application hilbert first-order inductive induction contradiction axiomatic modal hand semantic approach explanation philosophy assumptions conditions principles deductive existence property models beliefs fallacy instance peirce definitions expressions mean razor incompleteness view hypotheses premise validity quantification proving constructed cantor foundations finite logics meaningful negation conjecture hold assertion worlds concept symbols correspondence suppose account peano formulas relations express principia provable formulation possibility formulated mathematician definite holds namely formalism apply completeness paradoxes extension popper discourse ad philosophical domain distinction variables law continuum pure gettier truths necessarily bertrand formulae deduction regarded paper formalized questions variable predicates revision fundamental postulates implication sufficient saying logicians conclusions conditional condition hoc construct technical assume relevance status properties consequence arbitrary occam probability interpreted program conception stronger science reality lead developed represented answer subject context published second-order theoretical existential postulate simplicity primitive Topic 25th: opera theatre plays play performance musical drama audience performances theater music actors role operas ballet production voice wagner roles characters dramatic circus act character comedy composer broadway theatres performers theatrical style tragedy productions actor written singing century musicals dance acts audiences comic scene dialogue acting london composers tchaikovsky staged sullivan played singers composed story chorus libretto gilbert vocal wrote operatic grand verdi aria entertainment troupe singer piece sing love score playwrights plot action costumes song plautus dramas opéra carmen playwright seiyū female pieces puppet scenes themes house version head passion spoken orchestra romantic voices light cast tristan comedies en sung performer premiere don artistic le leading contemporary york operetta theme pas tragic public troupes director soprano paris popularity critics kabuki repertory developed elements songs recitative genre costume shakespeare puppets setting theaters italian write gluck burlesque revival vaudeville court ballets props dancing male premiered staging faust die overture bel modern castrato tradition company master falsetto melodrama savoy scenery commedia women juggling puppetry lyrics puccini arts classical figaro canto repertoire seria chest ibsen arias iago zarzuela lyric influence mozart les prima rossini comique era operettas isolde adapted professional styles hand otello carte leitmotifs cabaret subject tragedies arte companies playing technique traditional dell Topic 26th: property patent rights copyright land owner trust law ownership legal trademark license estate patents intellectual public domain protection title owners invention infringement granted subject jurisdictions laws application possession mark trusts licenses office fair grant rent agreement act tenant sale permission holder protected author trademarks lease transfer fee personal licensing inventions prior commercial licensed holders united generic concept copyrighted inventor joint marks parties tenancy trustee period tenants relation trade notice filed countries landlord copy copyrights jurisdiction matter benefit filing value party services convention article restrictions deed copying nature source apply beneficiaries effect idea enforce beneficiary issued sell patented protect legally control applicant pay distribution piece trustees commons copies covered improvements share product physical fees contract properties document authors berne monopoly royalty material european conditions sold hold limitations creation creative royalties persons transferred proprietary established payment inventors process portion licence else testator tangible fixed lien priority enforcement granting estates permit deemed respect court access benefits unauthorized substantial permitted compensation establish entity theft requirements statute applicable eminent squatters heirs valid distinctive distribute mortgage intangible equitable abandoned provisions infringing purchase copyleft ip natural rental patentable possess sue creates allodial scope examination rule entirety instance necessarily action validity trespass warranty automatically intention easement agreements epc Topic 27th: philosophy philosophers world philosophical knowledge mind reality aristotle existence nature plato ideas experience philosopher view consciousness kant physical idea mental human truth theory concept materialism socrates subject objects hegel analytic nietzsche idealism concepts true logical science object argument perception language descartes matter positivism heidegger realism dualism understanding metaphysics question metaphysical priori distinction argued skepticism existentialism empiricism substance notion absolute events determinism critical method thinkers phenomenology ethics god sartre pragmatism virtue continental pure leibniz critique objective structuralism dialectical subjective scientific account rationalism phenomena universal humanism relativism natural fundamental epistemology empirical identity monism hume postmodernism derrida doctrine essence ontological truths conception properties history material causal principle relation views soul minds wittgenstein universe entities beliefs hermeneutics theories experiences naturalism belief questions writings marxism argues nihilism schopenhauer locke rational words kierkegaard movement contemporary arguments inquiry transcendental dialogue neoplatonism possibility school laws wrote aquinas thesis scholasticism platonism body cause logic intellectual aristotelianism sort propositions principles epistemological berkeley modern sciences ideal stoicism poststructuralism explanation synthetic independent intellect deconstruction conscious causes process century essay reasoning relationship epicureanism immanuel conceptual hegelianism kantianism perceptions enlightenment existential central husserl presocratic appearance aristotelian abstract unity dialogues distinct practical deontology causality theology qualities spinoza objectivity deconstructionism karl relations interpretation phenomenon dialectic am Topic 28th: space function functions vector linear theory geometry matrix equations mathematics equation field theorem algebra mathematical spaces differential product continuous algebraic integral finite vectors sets manifold properties derivative solution infinite transformation definition map analysis calculus element solutions geometric topology operator natural positive lie euclidean domain zero mathematicians topological dimension fields multiplication elements sum connection value matrices values equivalence transform metric tangent fourier subset structure property dimensions polynomial mathematician notion principal coordinates variables smooth curve inverse unique partial study fundamental rational euler identity maps scalar square method coordinate riemann differentiable generalized denoted integers manifolds operations representation roots unit eigenvalues derivatives condition relation analytic concept infinity dual operators coefficients transformations eigenvalue discrete characteristic projective negative degree limit hilbert compact variable subsets formula approximation components tensor represented constant boundary arbitrary dynamical studied trigonometric idea written root rn functional euclid sequence notation interval commutative proof respect connected construction curves operation norm phase polynomials diagonal graph infinitely abstract pair independent conditions inner quadratic isomorphism gauss hyperbolic applications invariant applied instance plane affine fixed poincaré cardinality determinant solve imaginary integration quotient satisfy solving physics decomposition lagrange bundles line isomorphic dimensional cauchy fermat newton prime ideal orthogonal bounded collection approach extension ring defining solved cosine quaternions eigenvectors lattice Topic 29th: islamic muslim islam muslims muhammad arabic qur ibn religious ali allah arab prophet al abu arabia mosque sunni god shia scholars mecca mosques shi saudi religion arabs caliph sufi world shah hadith imam community prayer khomeini people medina women sharia jihad iran law followers arabian caliphate christians book umar umayyad christian persian ah ahmad tradition quran abd traditions prayers countries egypt secular verses death bin islamist leader pilgrimage iraq majority word century faith yemen political sufism baghdad non-muslims rule dubai western pre-islamic non-muslim companions caliphs schools bakr spiritual africa anic tribe history conversion holy ad revealed prophets authority jews brotherhood traditional hajj view mu rumi sunnah uthman founded messenger tribes abbasid verse family abdullah banu translated islamists imams ibrahim sunnis dhimmis abraham forbidden ān practices ayatollah knowledge spread malik umayyads morocco converted damascus kabir ramadan life hasan egyptian kaaba practice jurisprudence omar scholar syria east yusuf rulers jizya sufis prominent ottoman sheikh successor led turkey modern avicenna jurists citation daily west established peninsula cairo hold pilgrims regarding abbasids hands period abdul mahdi dynasty mohammad convert true islamophobia ta hassan peace believers baha aden iranian branch worship uae fiqh divine call al-andalus emir interpretations founder islamism turkish regarded shaykh role ahmadiyya Topic 30th: space spacecraft earth moon launch mission apollo orbit nasa rocket mars lunar shuttle launched vehicle satellites flight satellite program missions surface landing crew module atmosphere station luna exploration manned probe rockets astronauts saturn designed soviet project probes orbital system entry solar test technology kg tps titan research venera orbiter ground planned scientific altitude center gravity minutes science craft control command vehicles propulsion astronaut impact esa design soyuz descent base reentry flights payload artificial unmanned sputnik atmospheric spaceflight mariner capsule rover trajectory instrument galileo data lander martian liquid shield agency iss development lm cosmos outer booster challenger miles escape shock solid site peak launches attitude modules instruments landed flux hours gemini tank abort columbia billion experiment landings propellant re-entry human developed venus life docking operational aboard cm american orbiting experiments mercury structure russian orion costs speed consisted pad burn communications land construction travel panels heat launching kilometers union planetary samples laboratory interplanetary scientists section plan parachute aerospace pioneer carry communication thrust mir ascent fuel debris operations telescope geostationary plans velocity stages oxygen telemetry fly images boosters crater discovery orbits opportunity budget rendezvous mounted flown backup cost military service observation power materials facility onboard weight meters vostok elevator leading diameter announced capability Topic 31th: england scotland english wales scottish british britain ireland kingdom welsh uk century celtic northern edinburgh scots parliament irish act glasgow union royal gaelic norman isles united london north people national cornwall cromwell anglo-saxon church cornish acts aberdeen george henry period highland west sir established dundee france isle language commonwealth led castle king shetland harold home lord settlement roman earl orkney whilst modern brythonic channel land country britons conquest devolution normandy bruce battle crown europe celts south manx britannia wars cardiff council saxon revolution burgh wessex fife forth assembly brittany independence lothian queen age westminster firth recorded elizabeth catholic east status continental reformation devolved house chief alexander highlands normans traditionally recognised stirling southern viking arthur alfred settled ages norse lowland sutherland clyde caithness revival loch breton saint stuart favour perth course mercia ayrshire oliver cymru traditional inverness angus anglo-saxons aberdeenshire paisley atlantic kirk ancient standard tudor kingdoms northumbria ross lords andrews official picts rule galloway saxons protestant surviving moray european insular centre history vikings scott represented argyll gentry andrew clearances island bede mainland jacobite germanic origin anglo-norman renfrewshire counties influence principal independent establishment shared bbc edgar distinctive bute goidelic french wallace heritage lambert census parliamentary islands medieval yeoman traces na hebrides Topic 32th: disney strip character comedy characters comic animation animated strips cartoon cartoons humor joke parody toys world toy laughter calvin walt jokes humour humorous mad children appearance colbert irony figures features mickey mouse audience feature fun dog cat funny voice duck laugh book adventures satire python garfield alice tintin pinky charlie sketch version brothers comedians hobbes don satirical monty american white people idea voiced story song warner drawn animaniacs laughing comedian bill felix boy yankovic head jon popeye saying classic dolls hergé bugs bear speech bunny kids reference clown popularity rabbit bob happy parodies tv ironic pixar stand-up peter sketches stereotype gag snoopy carroll shorts snow featuring laurel george play groucho al bros watterson comics lion asterix king fool daily fictional line dilbert hardy cartoonist giant life style culture books adams creator peanuts black page flying cartoonists friends berle cleese max drawings jim circus donald stupid pictures terry theme christmas stereotypes collection box girls cinderella puppet animators stephen tom turtle adult frank eyes idle recurring animator talking sequence syndicate experiment appearances laughs live television bears parents played animal designed studio commentary tiny hat newspaper chapman mock drawing hanna-barbera references getting comedic speaks silly stitch parodied family club logo smile panel woody Topic 33th: insurance debt risk rate credit bonds pay loss loan cash policy payment bond money paid rates loans cost payments financial companies value bankruptcy life period mortgage company risks premium losses policies coverage costs principal insured assets default contract cover yield purchase business rating market fee debtor issued securities charge fixed government fees contracts debts investment premiums creditors security liability investors expenses discount insurer financing finance lender monthly borrower lenders property pays event treasury protection creditor estate home ratings capital insurers maturity lending benefit equity owner funds underwriting asset issuer paying percentage covered balance secured ratio transfer borrowers united sum inflation excess consumer annual pool obligations mortgages short-term month issuing subject people charged flow lloyd charges flows standard owed profit income chapter industry countries limit practice holder account collateral outstanding agencies coupon buy potential federal exposure proceeds markets line duration reinsurance minimum advance protect auto bills entity commercial expensive repayment floating calculated factors accounting party sale products borrowing holders guaranteed governments repay borrow instruments deficit plus billion preferred parties risky help sold liabilities calculation deal poor settlement uk obligation repaid legal insure purchasing apply homeowners effect issues insolvency contingent benefits maximum health issuance net arrangement reference events personal guarantee foreclosure nominal Topic 34th: university college degree students universities school research academic student degrees campus colleges education graduate professor master institute institutions faculty science bachelor sciences undergraduate awarded program programs institution arts harvard study schools professional studies teaching courses professors engineering ph doctor law course department yale founded field fields doctoral thesis level doctorate title cambridge graduates library class academy departments tenure business award oxford alumni established national cornell mit associate positions stanford admission princeton philosophy senior association technology medical system medicine candidates hall humanities completion diploma subjects candidate funding doctorates polytechnic rankings uc social dissertation ranking masters dr institutes women educational graduation requirements liberal honours prize classes postgraduate applicants granted ll public disciplines berkeley assistant phd campuses faculties staff council leading process taught nobel teach scholarship academia rutgers committee bologna community admitted center administration examinations collegiate uk physics board pass subject chair grant technical mba undergraduates formal admissions athletic applied examination ivy academics body full-time economics honorary chemistry requirement qualifications scholarships quality ba programmes experience dean exam society foundation lecturer international minimum hold polytechnics conference prestigious honors english ucla halls foreign qualification facilities conferred graduated programme scholars mathematics titles life tuition project housing entry reputation coursework american residence art status practice report lectures Topic 35th: book books text published library written edition author translation texts collection reading libraries version isbn chapter manuscripts manuscript material editions scholars reference authors publication writing volumes title history translated printed source volume translations collections wrote copies britannica pages section copy page encyclopedia versions edited chapters bible historical writings literature critical revised publishing introduction materials subject publishers archives documents canon references english description records reader literary commentary compiled scholarly knowledge lists publisher pp textual press readers guide sections treatise fragments paperback codex readings composed publications lost passages contents words titles copied document vol style write course passage translators topics editor scholar discussion catalog writer university scholarship translator authorship textbook collected listed testament comprehensive account print publish surviving errors covers content valuable encyclopedias arranged online textbooks dictionary librarians essays entries encyclopædia preface quoted academic interpretation extant information authoritative latin american additions revision portions penguin presentation jerome archive quotations preservation vulgate criticism revisions manual catalogue illustrations cover compilation chronicle language entry translate booksellers scrolls lecture editors oxford matter printing scribe librarian preserve subjects encyclopaedia essay topic summary arrangement reprinted supplement composition accurate gutenberg learning corpus prepared quotation illustrated inspired treatises discusses cited standard bibliography canonical scribes fragment introductory definitive comparison philology events question Topic 36th: species body animals insects eggs organisms fish algae food sea water animal fungi egg prey organs organism marine live sperm female mouth worms larvae adult plants host life legs reproduction sharks fossil cells vertebrates ants shell insect feeding living structures phylum shark spiders humans feed primitive predators sponges head arthropods aquatic grow evolved genus fossils pair true reproduce male eyes lack structure terrestrial crabs shells beetles invertebrates spider cambrian digestive parasites genera spores venom bodies phyla snakes segments worm starfish amphibians parasitic ant tentacles skin gills larva tail echinoderms fins colony freshwater environments asexual oxygen attached nutrients specialized appendages cavity larval period crustaceans mammals pairs fishes coral possess jellyfish embryo stages colonies surface eat squid arms lay lobster cm crab spines reptiles layer capable wasps sexual fungal corals bacteria segment antennae nematodes composed environment development hosts fly abdomen growth survive classified tiny gut relatives families protists organ reproductive land microscopic resemble shrimp haploid snails multicellular tissues flies fin wings habitats modified developed tissue cycle sting record mimicry beetle shape plankton appearance ventral mushrooms fungus process dorsal females males adults specimens thin symbiotic crinoids lungs unique locomotion vertebrate urchins mating relationship tube tropical earthworms snake giant absent outer substrate hairs stomach Topic 37th: chinese china dynasty kong hong taiwan people han traditional beijing emperor qing pinyin mainland song republic government ming prc mandarin cantonese qin tang li western province shanghai yuan simplified imperial zhou wu taiwanese period central yang asia japanese roc northern jin tibetan cultural established east official southern ad tibet mongolia zhang bc manchu wei south shang sun asian liu yi nanjing cao macau yin capital confucianism dynasties court confucian wang culture officials chiang qi guangdong kmt history mongol modern confucius japan hakka chen gong literally hui foreign kuomintang shi yu provinces huang west mongols shu ancient written mongolian uyghur inner north fujian ethnic chu chang river jing ma warring xinjiang yangtze singapore rule political kingdom henan heaven zhao shui yunnan zhu silk fu korea historical guangzhou yao century min wade-giles taipei kingdoms zheng yan hmong opium overseas korean standard dong dragon jiang shandong lin tai sui family manchus sichuan records autumn lu cixi military chou zhuang ch forbidden shan moved regions vietnam eastern miao tu feng hanyu dai taoism shen kai-shek hunan xia spoken jurchen scholars dialect provincial manchuria chi lee taoist mao cheng jiangsu sima falun buddhist liao bei martial bai chan lisu buddhism zhejiang khitan hangzhou tiananmen nakhi Topic 38th: law act rights laws court constitution federal united legal government supreme legislation amendment civil constitutional congress public process justice power protection section bill clause courts code authority decision acts provisions article freedom statute charter enacted citizens regulations subject ruled judicial speech powers effect rules illegal amendments persons statutes majority prohibited protected written provision ruling legislative rule review regulation consent jurisdiction decisions restrictions convention established people constitutions opinion ban apply document fundamental legally commerce violation unconstitutional action practice citizen protect enforced principles enforcement codified principle statutory interpretation declaration body grounds criminal issued exercise prohibition ratified national pass force procedure enforce argued regulate upheld amended discrimination liberty doctrine granted ratification protections approved prohibits liberties governments exceptions permitted strict status regulated parliament guarantees procedures requirement limits executive draft documents regarding prohibiting privileges interpreted debate intent jurisdictions petition legislature respect prohibit applied limit standards permit official controversial conduct question magna authorized banned corpus clauses substantive violate deemed requirements natural privacy repealed carta violating unlawful contrary establishment applies judges district branch judiciary habeas freedoms actions adoption prior property vote opponents governmental declared guarantee repeal enact scope overturned legislatures nature valid test matter control codes amend establish ex guaranteed violated establishing sections legitimate applicable justices drafted Topic 39th: church religious christian religion churches movement faith protestant catholic christianity god bahá denominations theology christians worship christ authority bible practice religions baptist theological secular beliefs doctrine luther united methodist reformed evangelical lutheran century practices belief roman reformation presbyterian founded world orthodox leaders established movements protestants community unitarian conservative freedom congregation congregations society cult spiritual friends england denomination doctrines people teachings baptists catholics tradition influence persecution led fundamentalist meeting calvin followers believers catholicism membership traditional views america protestantism anglican missionary mission charismatic separation official meetings life cults leadership salvation amish unity lutherans view scripture adherents leader spirit missionaries conference pentecostal teaching service hold body clergy ís independent liberal historically prayer principles issues association revival pastor puritan history conversion southern reform holy fellowship fundamentalists traditions universal lláh latter-day organizations majority congregational organized ministers sects ordained orthodoxy elders mormon communion american reformers synod quakers jesus doctrinal communities creed mainstream true calvinist báb call organization biblical ministry spread institutions book calvinism union matters study distinct political lds encouraged puritans principle methodists education saints faiths preachers bodies establishment fundamentalism episcopal usa brethren historical humanism understanding evangelicals mennonites english jewish mennonite judaism opposition historic services split controversy central role writings apostasy zwingli justice theologians truth minister Topic 40th: swedish sweden finland danish norway norwegian denmark finnish germanic century german norse scandinavian iceland scandinavia north europe icelandic nordic modern people northern stockholm west english east baltic countries age period viking copenhagen king european prize dutch helsinki germany vikings finns swedes historical oslo gothic nobel anglo-saxon medieval danes sea greenland union established culture country frisian official lost alfred origin christian odin uppsala runic runes åland islands bergen estonian majority influence thor estonia speaking history central national written gothenburg saga beowulf sami western turku faroe netherlands language continental region stone southern connection norwegians iron lund exception magnus peace traditional karelia peoples decades elder bokmål latin proto-germanic development harald converted stones saxon malmö faroese regarded foreign land en scania kingdom recorded ab jutland introduction eastern carl languages rune cultural nynorsk sagas personal spread assumed consisting indo-european separated finno-ugric help prizes source regional schleswig russia status cut celtic distinct founded goths expanded futhark ad shared riksdag literally og hand frisia law literature shetland unique tallinn svalbard brothers comprising ca reykjavík background saxons tampere folk conversion moved karelian hanseatic scandinavians influences frisians presence gustav tacitus rich johan andersson evolved folklore settled gotland municipalities identical historically ages maintained neutrality controversy edda native swedish-speaking olaf independent Topic 41th: light tube tubes lamps lighting lights lamp edison glass vacuum mercury bulb power electric beam bulbs filament cathode incandescent led plate arc fluorescent envelope source grid metal leds device patent anode invented visible efficiency candle standard developed tungsten life amber heat gas headlamps electrical lit base glow illumination hours output luminous invention devices designed company function watt intensity cost surface halogen discharge bright emitted hot phosphor filaments effect practical beams cause neon carbon heated control resistance applications energy reflector emission applied inventor electricity safety laboratory spot installed coating air lifetime watts design deflection conditions efficacy illuminated demonstrated permitted headlamp operate wire operation electrodes screen levels process flask direction method operated sealed patents voltage lumens flashing connected patented diameter temperature technology element equipment swan hid material experiments compact fog development emit brighter electrons employed conventional causes display ballast oscilloscope displays wires inventors flash operating electrode contacts dark commercial street suitable brightness visibility plastic equipped burn glare mounted service thin funnel test uv ray fixtures production replacement temperatures kinetoscope regulations switched cold maximum constructed plates version designs shape consumed strike quartz glowing mixer cathodes demonstration issues running lm evacuated heavy home location portion indicator microwave oscilloscopes specialized attached ece triode magnetron pass Topic 42th: empire persian iran iranian ottoman turkish century asia turkey persia byzantine east dynasty armenian central eastern western sassanid armenia sultan shah persians turks period capital afghanistan azerbaijan turkic islamic region rule modern west istanbul conquered established constantinople language city province mongol crusade kingdom kurdish muslim greek ancient tribes anatolia conquest ottomans history syria religious arab roman bce cities alexander europe reign culture parthian ruled influence egypt arabs world caucasus crusaders achaemenid empires cyrus sea kurds darius tehran trade islam armenians provinces ce era rulers india iranians control cultural ruler zoroastrian christian captured religion iraq crusades founded territory genghis safavid king christians north seljuk scythians territories mongols asian power zoroastrianism greeks northern kings emperor bc baghdad imperial nomadic country battle people led peoples invaded death silk pahlavi sassanids lands huns byzantines khorasan expansion arabic tribe parthians seleucid settled family independence mesopotamia mediterranean medes azeris invasion golden parthia jews lived tajikistan south romans scythian china shapur aramaic lost descendants conquests turkmenistan european land ethnic southern caspian crusader spread reza saladin azeri present-day court military ad uzbekistan herodotus abbas center christianity khosrau regions jerusalem turkmen converted moved dynasties timur invasions ankara balkans army kingdoms independent origin destroyed caucasian official anatolian assyrian throne occupied Topic 43th: word words english usage latin phrase mean context dictionary reference referring literally greek meanings people applied origin modern definition root etymology coined expression spelling terminology phrases contexts translation slang plural noun pronounced adjective instance distinction necessarily french translated synonym confusion dictionaries distinguish connotations connotation metaphor suffix spelled synonymous abbreviation acronym definitions generic call indicate speaking prefix subject literal american pejorative concept article compare verb oxford interchangeably opposite translates applies description formal carries language apply cognate jargon shortened denotes strictly singular expressions abbreviated incorrect english-speaking derogatory precise distinguished synonyms technical speech preferred fit pronunciation colloquial confusing connection explanation analogous assumed employed usages manner neologism cf designate derivation speak saying oed ambiguous practice webster writers diminutive translate situation regardless question descriptive est german appropriate stands rendered analogy spellings euphemism origins style obscure indicates contrary leet don perceived acronyms semantic offensive roots title technically extension metaphors discussion conversely unrelated borrowed obsolete regarded forth fuck vulgar convey situations stems variations true matter differentiate ex ambiguity abbreviations sort insult designation distinct concepts nowadays euphemisms variant broader popularized sentence neologisms characteristic invariably inappropriate traditionally etymologies derivative intentionally etymological denoting merriam-webster historically unnecessary descriptions calling mistake redundant termed portmanteau writer signify discussing substitute interpretation deliberate thereof prevalent Topic 44th: york american united virginia washington south north carolina pennsylvania massachusetts boston jersey america ohio west island war maryland philadelphia county manhattan americans union national missouri southern jefferson lincoln tennessee mississippi nation delaware kentucky slavery civil franklin adams connecticut hamilton georgia illinois river george native kansas governor federal hill alabama slaves white jackson slave louisiana vermont maine florida dakota baltimore confederate black columbia rhode hampshire madison fort pittsburgh british colony hudson england brooklyn colonies bronx iowa country east history home texas city counties indiana congress republican indian arkansas lee northern atlantic college cherokee public oklahoma henry midwest continental nebraska western indians led african blacks harlem michigan established center montana queens minnesota land colonial court cincinnati wisconsin klan carnegie people grant providence confederacy creek miles liberty wyoming revolution colorado penn crow settlers railroad legislature republicans moved house president revolutionary chief northeast oregon mexico colonists bureau staten park secession lawrence bay louis richmond immigrants monroe andrew erie scott independence montgomery reconstruction appalachian organized african-american potomac abraham founding heights department democratic whites elected benjamin convention borough served clay lewis century board northeastern orleans cotton king compromise prior charleston southerners california capitol clark valley idaho memorial albany alexander democrats emancipation forrest eastern warren purchase sullivan Topic 45th: network networks protocol server data internet client ip nodes node connection servers protocols address packet layer connections service routing link connected clients traffic access tcp packets host computer physical domain port ethernet communication transfer distributed control connect addresses dns networking applications services links application bandwidth message routers standard request rfc router sharing information file device source communications destination devices path computers topology hosts communicate remote transport users ftp interface virtual messages requests lan model peer-to-peer shared header transmission user central stream standards level route nat providers ieee latency peer running firewall implemented ipv session dedicated configured load napster ports implementations layers configuration token cost proxy gateway systems connecting implementation share hub atm connectivity maximum udp hubs exchange hosting field arpanet infrastructure resources peers web mode frame osi switches reliable performance multicast interfaces hardware delivery firewalls switch computing ietf provider mesh logical streams implement backbone authentication media point-to-point method relay delay technologies designed mechanism bytes channel gnutella tree mbit core switching sonet forwarding medium flow process throughput segments irc mac ssh cable paths isps delivered real-time isp assigned solution routes root speed vpn bits suite bgp segment handle terminal transmit switched bus overhead reliability functionality smb error block software connects wan Topic 46th: line surface direction axis plane distance angle circle shape parallel vertical rotation horizontal angles center edge path sphere opposite space symmetry straight object square degrees triangle curve axes dimensions edges directions surfaces orientation coordinate graph perspective flat circular geometry coordinates radius diagram projection perpendicular section circles figure curvature positions drawn curves spherical vertices three-dimensional shapes boundary cube origin dimension planes curved triangles respect objects map fig fixed distances drawing oriented central true corner radial bottom draw dimensional vertex two-dimensional location view pair squares arrow cross pattern angular width degree convex connecting symmetrical vertically standard grid constant connected centre geometric sheet segment rotated component slope reference spatial intersect solid intersection cone lie directed corresponds segments adjacent represented standing directional linear symmetries polygon mirror paths shortest planar rotations arc horizontally lengths table clockwise identical compass cartesian cylindrical chart aligned rectangle diagonal rotating marked polygons rectangular solids observer centered diagrams labeled graphs radians viewer horizon interior corners hand boundaries height projections approximate forming polyhedron attached scene alignment geometrical imaginary picture infinite spiral sections structure mean unique locations diameter ratio indicates image pole calculated constructed closest motion poles polar dual rule patterns positioned rotate rotational perfect distinct cut smooth necessarily arranged oblique maps contour Topic 47th: rock bands music band metal punk pop scene heavy sound style genre mainstream progressive wave british roll artists underground indie movement label acts popularity black hardcore labels grunge influence records musical fans influences youth jam glam subculture psychedelic guitar decade styles independent uk death american led garage record culture commercial cobain genres nirvana emo musicians elements power lyrics goth influential played album dead songs gothic los cult generation post-punk surf rolling era industrial instrumental classic art sex united york soft revival beat albums ramones folk fashion developed electronic playing doom traditional pub guitars festival audience hippie invasion inspired experimental released reggae pistols themes ska roots sabbath radio attention country christian approach rush vocals helped scenes clash detroit drum arena modern electric southern symphonic blues synth lead beatles sonic noise seattle thrash rockabilly counterculture britpop pink peel hit swamp melodic math stoner blues-rock joy synthpop post-rock zeppelin aggressive blur punks subcultures riot stone stones bass rockers guitarist krautrock trend pioneers image featuring commercially trends boys dark singer teen heartland phenomenon period rap release chicano prominent tone judas pearl broke dream dominated debut slayer hippies alice college spawned roses distorted latin division media diy mod experimentation nu feature america club extreme incorporating Topic 48th: death dead story killed kill love father woman life version fight help escape wife mother brother killing scene head friend die boy jack character home friends body house dies save daughter attack evil girl reveals trying true heart saying revenge alive kills battle sister sword cut child eyes fate plan falls lives meanwhile doesn fear plot revealed hand calls dream moment door try destroy suddenly hands telling broken refuses heard town hearts people dr secret blood snake sleep forced dying live angry discovers suicide monster novel master murder learns anger tetsuo realizes husband lost leader plans fire brothers colonel journey mind power memories leads destroyed discover shot curse lady hiding creature morning baby don village getting mysterious hide feelings devil castle lover caught wolf hidden murdered kaneda window pair else akira break accidentally died sets search saved song meeting blow rescue demon tears xena loves beautiful play agent book hell agrees seemingly walks hear bed manages wounded stay guards attacked feels hero ghost tale princess breaks rage wearing visit doctor missing duel killer jason finding loved steal travels bundy events children directed rose ll identity escapes mission living chaos inuyasha falling cast strange disguise released course shoot waiting promise captain Topic 49th: comics comic anime manga characters character marvel book superman story batman books dc x-men america released spider-man team superhero stories captain fans powers heroes american wolverine published titles world title godzilla version super pokémon superheroes age japanese magneto graphic appearance action mutant animated artist issues fictional universe line artists english battle black flash creators popularity wonder hero lee adventures mutants tv fantastic vs gundam girl sailor release writer abilities featuring storm secret evil feature dark giant woman angel format storyline animation suit volume style power amazing continuity avengers revealed golden identity xavier magazine costume strip sonic cover fan adventure features rogers material ninja professor monsters archie cartoon evangelion mecha movie strips drawn silver led superhuman readers arc peter written television events adult boy sentai media villains villain diana episodes portrayed voltron volumes appearances clark dredd established saga human sold movies creation children strength joe war japan help translated origin savage publishers earth justice girls lupin mainstream friends fiction doc art tezuka jean plot genre pages underground entertainment versions dubbed robot namor ranma novels turtles dub monster digimon webcomics crisis kirby watchmen code industry logan adaptation image viz robin licensed theme yuri dr fighting medium fight teenage female otaku relationship bruce Topic 50th: disease syndrome pain patients symptoms cause sleep treatment condition severe patient brain deficiency loss muscle affected chronic disorder people causes damage disorders diagnosis injury spinal nerve acidemia physical onset pressure fatigue body seizures system inflammation acute treated diseases cord muscles neurological migraine signs weakness conditions urine medical clinical progressive risk function mild severity help headache atrophy parkinson central neuropathy degeneration nervous apnea blood congenital therapy complications paralysis cerebral peripheral testing genetic abnormal edema painful compression age test legs stroke breathing lead cfs characterized symptom attacks studies dysfunction treat tests seizure affects palsy activity intracranial affect headaches reported respiratory treatments abnormalities experience medications alzheimer epilepsy albinism motor nerves effective incidence autonomic al trigger hours leading familial surgery cycle dementia recovery ms diagnosed urea head idiopathic impaired features study coma encephalopathy partial tremor impairment levels life herniation permanent reduction hydrocephalus hypertension attack stiff myoclonus asthma sensation inherited stages poor exercise recommended sclerosis obstructive transport adults phosphate inability sufferers factors swallowing progression muscular malignant suffer drugs branched absence trauma rem infections swelling als reye suspected defect helpful spine syndromes restless episodes fluid gene medication suffering death dystonia relief neuroleptic syringomyelia fanconi daily citrullinemia accumulation maple characteristic stress cystinosis progress syrup arthritis horner synthase Topic 51th: ball player play players game team line goal rules field played base hit shot balls penalty score pitch bat defensive playing batter pass pitcher rule batsman hockey baseball teams opposing throw offensive kick runner running feet ground foul zone cricket hand scoring batting plays opponent catch table shots scored possession bowling net tennis strike football defense positions puck umpire referee box plate ice spin touch home hitting bowler thrown try sport speed stick serve center games throwing polo innings hits bounce contact official pitchers attacking swing awarded wicket call fielding scores rubber caught hole minutes extra fielder defender basketball catcher tackle yards batsmen penalties court bowlers opponents professional fair goals goalkeeper hands throws bases scrum defending umpires bats bowl tag match left-handed pitches offense inches defenders count fly kicking block receiver opposition grip fastball fielders formation basket scrimmage equipment baseman bowls leagues goalie volleyball right-handed strikes delivery pitching runners stroke handball outfield situation crease shoot lacrosse level shooting advance fouls paintball clock opposite break spot variations cover foot mark holding body skill corner kicked centre association women leg distance snap permitted quarterback linemen designated attack hitter american batters style sports arm stumps wins touched touching getting grass situations posts help Topic 52th: image camera film lens cameras images lenses digital light photography exposure focus photographic view mirror process optical sensor field photographs focal photograph negative aperture subject speed glasses photo motion kodak format picture eye pictures depth processing frame contact photographers filter quality developed shutter silver distance glass color ccd effect photographer filters scene exposed development standard professional sensors technique focusing print modern photos mirrors imaging emulsion slr capture objects models prints recorded medium vision ratio amateur projection optics base projected designed frames plane object step background resolution mount aberration equipment magnification conventional positive zoom elements developer processes slide eastman projector features iso illusion sensitive leica correction developing fixed sharp reversal eyes nikon introduction processed dark design blur manufacturers stock dye zeiss super captured layers expensive sensitivity fit objective flash exposures reflex black-and-white plate feature photographed diameter telescope viewer panoramic method compact angle mounted tilt slides cm canon visible negatives formats reproduction factor movement continuous distortion noise grain combination minolta record flat recording rangefinder maximum device aberrations viewfinder binoculars technology shot effective rear subjects perforations lab technical roll speeds expose reduction stereoscopic kodachrome spherical reading rigid coated transparent distant technicolor spot raw inches practical soft corrective invented shorter dof pentax interchangeable commercial Topic 53th: flag sign symbol cross arms signs symbols body flags golden white seal bear hand coat national head eagle symbolic shield emblem mark deaf burial official gesture world displayed shape representation depicted design deceased represented funeral people significance motto indicate practice unique field display bears umbrella flown crosses pole background traditional communication seals gestures heraldry version origin badge cremation lion heraldic figure bearing crest colours holding association buried fly features swastika symbolism connection bodies bottom scout union representations interpretation signified movement description signed symbolize words ensign coffin marks drawn traditionally death hands location salute tradition corpse honor ashanti manner stripes stars legend reference heads stands grave coats banner relation jack identification distinctive scouting sun gold surrounding signify figures distinguished supposed interpreted guide image ceremony asl cemeteries centre appropriate arranged standing recognition ceremonies emblems home phrase depicts ground combination colour carrying star interpreters sort respect scouts embalming lowered rose circle memorial semiotics poles placing cemetery graves logo associations designs andrew simultaneously dead arm snake resemble staff ashes interpreting saint cremated word carry holds confusion distinct marked signifier outer iconic interpreter reversed indicates impression motif casket meanings symbolizing displaying depiction identical rainbow natural consisting manual corpses branch square totem honour preserve principal cultures Topic 54th: management process project business organization knowledge planning development resources processes strategy projects decision information goals approach organizational activities goal decisions performance organizations quality strategies focus strategic plan people practice team managers cost environment task analysis level innovation activity objectives tasks skills leadership help critical resource costs communication effective techniques potential manage customer developed enterprise technical role tools manager experience concept structure key practices appropriate developing technology expertise context control ideas value traditional evaluation managing assessment creative ensure setting participants plans experts benefits collaboration methods issues functions factors implementation operations systems decision-making relationship aspects scope consulting relationships professional objective procedures requirements actions framework corporate product roles risk responsibility opportunities review integration expert leader formal understanding vision staff effectiveness teams client core collaborative approaches research opportunity solutions concepts tool marketing firm improvement perspective building criteria personal solution operational situation technologies situations build creation helps monitoring complexity focuses professionals outcomes services job learning schedule training service consultants efforts employees focused impact human lead shared executive departments planned levels financial interaction progress stakeholders global customers agents leaders implemented applied infrastructure benefit functional definition chain action idea capabilities implementing comprehensive phase deal discipline scenarios assess efficiency responsible organisation flow dynamic logistics employed flexible guide step Topic 55th: government house parliament minister prime president power executive elected office council constitution assembly appointed powers head cabinet parliamentary constitutional legislative senate ministers bill committee governor commons lords act legislature chief representatives majority political legislation chancellor authority vote leader role houses party responsible branch chamber secretary speaker united official affairs bills supreme election confidence representative republic session body deputy appointment judicial officials lord functions federal matters system kingdom committees responsibility advice officer public senators westminster budget duties practice presidential heads offices national veto opposition monarch sovereign administration governors appoint elections convention ministry governments reform justice decisions debate commission senior motion meetings policy serve assent governor-general meeting exercised acts governing sit provincial standing headed formal seats congress chairman approved peers court post presiding judiciary presidency leaders assemblies resignation commonwealth pass officers crown exercise legislatures law vested resign dissolved councils rules joint british foreign royal bicameral reforms courts privy procedure dissolution parliaments ceremonial judges appoints civil holds abolished queen mps call hold presidents separation independent appointments representation represented deputies decision control two-thirds amendments commissioners title chambers emergency leadership influence branches impeachment question unicameral administrative elect sessions people premier passage governed crisis departments commissioner senator seat granted responsibilities laws parties established acting sitting delegates Topic 56th: women sexual sex male female gender gay people woman males homosexual homosexuality girls sexually sexuality females pornography boys prostitution behavior social feminist orientation roles intercourse feminism lesbian circumcision identity feminists role relationships boy penis heterosexual activity society prostitutes harassment human anal partner girl discrimination physical acts adult abuse partners age activities love transgender sexes cultures practice culture western same-sex bisexual rape lgbt legal consent feminine engage condoms community genital nature orgasm masculine attitudes contact traditional condom cultural erotic behaviour transsexual status pleasure study practices masturbation relationship genitalia lesbians relations association feel vagina violence rights studies experience citation attractive attraction queer sodomy homosexuals hiv aids acceptance socially prostitute vaginal opposite societies pornographic gays attracted lead semen illegal education child straight attention religious public subject sexism oral psychological issues homophobia pederasty penetration taboo laws adults castration countries transmitted clitoris cross-dressing historically ejaculation engaged stimulation brothels porn birth biological act preference traditionally characteristics view genders genitals engaging medical views reproductive movement retrieved majority reported couples penile percent stereotypes patriarchy perceived intersex circumcised expression american lives activism health assigned youth beauty fear necessarily practiced physically don behaviors life forced aspects sexist drag obscene foreskin lifestyle positions bisexuality romantic equality masculinity adolescent dildo pride negative Topic 57th: cell cells protein proteins membrane molecules amino enzymes enzyme structure binding acids process bacteria acid cellular receptor antibodies receptors atp cycle chain molecule bind function organisms structures activity pathway energy nucleus transport surface mitochondria synthesis membranes metabolism growth plasma bound reactions activation immune chains mechanism molecular activated role site metabolic structural antibody formation eukaryotes reaction substrate binds processes antigen functions release concentration tissues tissue cytoplasm eukaryotic signal peptide glucose components residues intracellular target pathways prokaryotes chemical released factor production extracellular mechanisms composed conditions electron organelles domains signaling interactions respiration bacterial phase subunits phosphorylation peptides calcium archaea actin biological responsible muscle hemoglobin matrix folding domain lipid sites lipids division organism expression transcription biochemical transduction environment sequence mitochondrial barrier affinity inner shape synthesized regulation reticulum kinase antigens phosphate plants microtubules glycolysis vesicles blood apoptosis acts ions factors chloroplasts transfer hormones anaerobic hydrophobic products region generate myosin ion oxygen wall filaments forming living substrates regulated degradation activate aerobic transported yeast step light interaction act converted subunit play gradient properties synthesize distinct linked endoplasmic dna secreted inhibitors inhibition synthase pyruvate flagella signals potential levels component inhibitor ligand nadh animals hormone complexes macrophages fold serve concentrations complement dp bodies bonds ribosomes oxidative critical fermentation mediated Topic 58th: hip hop music dj rap artists records hip-hop drum bass style house american scene disco song record released dance sound mainstream rappers djs beat rapper album genre york mc track tracks soul beats popularity reggae culture producers west label underground lyrics nas coast techno jamaican african songs artist samples hit black urban live funk radio dirty uk club rastafari jay-z electronic producer pop south crew gangsta city latin instrumental production break acts miami rapping mix born jamaica elements cent play freestyle electro jungle albums release world wu-tang movement boys roots dr hardcore def dre garage musical lil snoop parties school street modern mixing labels sampling boy age conscious dogg audience reggaeton notorious jazz rave sample selassie clubs jam eminem gang marley east spread ll native golden featuring dancehall styles breakdancing played dub ragga genres filipino remix detroit sampled kool jockey commercial developed debut rhymes rastas trance breaks political rza clan techniques youth attention g-funk chicago musicians prominent influential scratching productions influence nerdcore ice crunk features garvey don magazine history mcs snap vocal haile daddy bounce media percussion fans popularized performers battle acid togolese jack public neo vocals glitch combs hits community recording cool mobb chopped solo cuban scratch life british Topic 59th: ships ship navy naval boat sea fleet boats vessels submarine sail submarines crew vessel port british sailing royal hull class war admiral world merchant battle shipping coast sailors cargo warships carriers harbor ocean marine uss hms battleships maritime captain construction atlantic torpedo carrier deck sails battleship craft line design ports water sinking voyage cruisers sailed modern pirates speed sunk shore fleets destroyers pacific bay steam aboard sank wind paddle surface waters carry designed century tons cruiser lost trade american power navies torpedoes crews rig stern depth britain attack knots seas yacht bow underwater board launched service guns admiralty mast canoe coastal u-boat cruise titanic warship pearl hulls build pirate harbour damaged operated piracy developed north propulsion passengers destroyer submerged carrying frigates enemy nautical steamer heavy operate floating damage nelson cape commercial land converted feet voyages kayaks conditions landing amphibious convoy mediterranean led laid frigate sink turtle tonnage shipbuilding powered operations navigation decks loss ashore aft dock action commissioned boarding dutch capable expedition masts propelled task patrol flagship wooden bermuda oars canoes sailor u-boats equipment island constructed operation wreck kayak travel ft ss west weather steamboat armada escort museum warfare liners control strait miles squadron galleys designs light course battlecruisers sloop Topic 60th: radio television tv stations broadcast channel news network station cable broadcasting bbc satellite programming channels service media networks broadcasts program programs fox fm commercial cbs digital live uk nbc public sky abc coverage air licence viewers launched services broadcasters programmes national content communications am united entertainment xm talk world mtv programme audience announced cbc corporation internet fee advertising company broadcaster hours affiliate dab ratings itv music format hour warner fcc affiliates sports pbs terrestrial video regional cnn listeners home aired york country schedule american pm sirius carry dish companies tivo minutes syndicated watch morning host weekly canada markets evening events caroline launch international subscription deal rights operated market advertisements msnbc cw anchor independent virgin comcast access studios commercials audiences npr directv sets canadian distribution agreement reception studio plans license comedy plus analogue viacom hosted subscribers universal america moved cnbc dbs commission broadband nationwide rca jennings homes scheduled sold demand daily airing hdtv teletext weather uhf central funded educational website transmissions pay personalities acquired equipment global kids audio ntl discovery ownership presenters afternoon vhf city bought guide parent imus viewer listen block anchors satellites heard affairs outlets owners usa box production licensing rogers operate hosts licensed operations documentaries bulletins majority foxtel Topic 61th: horse horses rider cattle riding dog dogs breed animals sheep animal breeds saddle riders bull breeding seat cow legs bet western herd arabian goat people wild jumping training american quarter camel head ride cows bred hands rodeo tail natural hunter thoroughbred trained cowboy trot donkey dressage fence fences english heavy movement livestock ground chariot classes carry stock hand united racing equestrian horn draft pony hoof developed stud coat domesticated goats stallion calf betting ox feet speed horseback competition breeders oxen modern harness foot mares stallions ponies lead events hind milk bets weight reins farm pull mule donkeys mules hunt stirrup age camels style ridden horns herds leg leather light endurance gait owners conditions true whip bridle pasture pleasure cowboys trail pulling pattern ranch live driving male judged neck ranches saddles world stride odds walk canter attached arabians balance line domestication grazing foal hooves inches height stakes cavalry human bulls wool citation jump flat help hay bullfighting running gaits ancient equus ears beef disciplines phase domestic pace hound female stirrups steer cutting carriage straight sport gallop hair action standing owner hunters performance sitting pounds conformation mane aurochs characteristics imported standard mounted terrain specialized roping maintain judge tails aids registries excellent withers Topic 62th: music jazz dance folk blues songs musicians style musical styles traditional american song rhythm country pop performers artists played dances band recorded swing playing dancing roll singers genre genres soul classical rock dancers recordings guitar fusion bands african instruments beat singing presley performance developed popularity play record singer elements contemporary tradition sound influence recording rhythms electric improvisation elvis musician performances audience records black rhythmic era lyrics traditions sung roots tunes section influences piano gospel western white audiences bebop salsa tune vocal bill improvised helped culture chicago york beats sing solo dancer haley compositions period hit west classic banjo revival lead commercial coltrane smooth parker african-american bluegrass george performer gershwin instrumental orchestra melody ragtime mainstream old-time live art development memphis players prominent concerts flamenco funk brothers bass led drums modern heard minstrel unique miles evolved boogie bop festival professional characterized guitarist plays radio saxophone temptations king inspired pianist composed hall distinctive orleans cool arrangements popularized ellington joe bar louis urban industry decades composers charlie danced ballads bob latin stars standards instrument movement written influential composer america amateur repertoire accompaniment composition city frank solos themes entertainment melodies jimmy fiddle dominated blackface coast clubs monk club belly jug world dylan guy trio dixieland Topic 63th: political movement social rights government democracy liberal freedom society democratic economic power politics movements liberalism radical conservative liberty people ideas ideology civil policies revolution policy argued war liberals party views american public modern issues equality libertarian conservatives governments institutions principles century citizens opposition parties national tradition argue violence idea philosophy socialism activists action intervention nationalism libertarians natural traditional world left-wing values view property nations critics classical human law oppose nature conservatism locke nation socialist advocates international advocated force capitalism democracies reform advocate enlightenment influence rule influential religious welfare ideological justice ideologies universal hobbes positive intellectual favor progressive ideals french role libertarianism thinkers protest cultural authority politicians education economy rousseau intellectuals extreme goals promote spectrum laws contract global belief argues supporters right-wing concept trade monarchy authoritarian regimes republican activism reject elite absolute control wrote opponents legitimacy market legitimate founded struggle freedoms liberties personal wealth socialists peace wing leaders perceived anti-globalization consensus protect fundamental criticism activist laissez-faire organizations totalitarian theory goal contemporary agenda ideal principle democrats globalization imperialism inspired creation representative prominent poor central tyranny speech focus life book led advocating politically consent negative oppression economics protests protection revolutionary mainstream moral arguing elites participation collective united mixed class label america existence roots Topic 64th: gold currency dollar coins silver value money coin issued exchange euro inflation monetary rate pound currencies paper standard dollars mint circulation banknotes tender items precious worth stamps legal coinage collectors bank unit mark metal central franc collecting demand issues metals stamp reverse hyperinflation denominations sterling copper fixed penny trade minted government fiat denomination united historical tokens accounting cents rates bullion peso values weight struck ounce circulating valuable cent cash frank introduction british official dinar exchanged foreign printed pence medium collector people base valued nickel period yen troy authority obverse platinum european stable pieces hyper pegged shilling bronze international reserve issuing pay shillings usd specie prices national treasury stability banknote war rial sold quarter pure system circulated store economic item eurozone depreciating price commodity constant non-monetary token governments woods commemorative francs production printing practice rupee century design account bills piece grams purchasing denominated convertible barter rupiah lira peg pounds counterfeit oz collect payable inscription public payment postage minting updated mints hobby devaluation bill country devalued prior confidence units liberty lei convertibility quality promise countries decimal purity financial feature withdrawn content quantities designs riyal reserves quantity authorities leaf redeem ceased quarters act daily bretton features sets baht west eagle portrait sufficient union Topic 65th: russian russia soviet polish moscow poland union ukrainian ukraine russians eastern lithuania petersburg europe baltic people ussr vladimir western republic century alexander tsar georgian georgia lithuanian kiev ethnic government nicholas oblast central population kazakhstan slavic republics belarus region siberia belarusian yeltsin warsaw poles german volga east ssr language orthodox authorities ivan established war caucasus kalmyk peter estonia tatars empire mikhail stalin latvia rus revolution grand territories independent boris independence world territory official putin don novgorod period abkhazia cossacks crimean federation kalmyks commonwealth leningrad latvian ukrainians regions political duma black estonian country capital tatar crimea white military foreign peasants collapse lithuanians kraków tsarist bolsheviks kazakh sakhalin european majority sea signed national imperial catherine control tribes soviets riga khanate river cossack autonomous polish-lithuanian saint west church germans kazan duchy rule minsk turkic bolshevik kyrgyz lands viktor mongolia sergei oirats kremlin kyrgyzstan southern mongols influence kievan tbilisi uzbekistan vilnius nikolai chechen led asia nationalities treaty finland declared yushchenko policy smolensk uprising border oirat center cis dnieper sejm supreme gorbachev siberian astrakhan existence controlled golden caspian pushkin kaliningrad cold borders georgians odessa forced slavs transnistria rasputin army ossetia era abkhaz president mongol occupied moved horde administrative served apart grain sfsr khrushchev chechnya present-day nazi Topic 66th: american award york role awards won actor lee jack peter bob tom career academy stewart howard played people frank mark bill george allen joe don school actress tony sam film born scott hughes star actors magazine street jim city sinatra fame acting mike winners murphy bruce ben director gary kelly billy hall andy book schwarzenegger movie relationship family starred nominated performance ray los roger larry globe interview hollywood wayne fred roles worst father golden jane play hoffman cast life dan gordon dean oscar alan television celebrity categories tommy chris mitchell parker grace bobby angeles harry winning broadway joel jay california burns clark jackson playing jerry money guy saying rogers ann graham wife jimmy job anthony prize johnny nelson living ted leading celebrities ross cox kevin comedy starring lawrence arnold newman simon patrick love jeff stephen holmes harold murray ryan woman henry home win tim cruise eddie reeve ken arthur dr kate voice world rose barry title donald eric girl avenue walk moved ll married ian charlie leonard awarded stars hospital character college tracy ve keith jolie fellow attended cooper hit talk business irwin curtis grant norman parents directed friend reviews apartment gibson stan club appearance douglas reynolds hunter critics hired Topic 67th: north south region west east southern northern river western mountains eastern coast mountain sea land central regions valley border population peninsula climate lake desert rivers northwest hills coastal plains ft lies plateau km² southwest forests northeast mi ranges basin southeast territory miles mediterranean gulf forest peak plain valleys natural dry mount route lakes mountainous square asia portion zone agriculture province inhabited world metres boundary rainfall lands borders towns bay inland elevation situated settled ocean agricultural atlantic fertile geographical cities coastline northeastern slopes rich populated settlements century cold rocky dominated villages southwestern geography winters covered kilometres geographic terrain kilometers highlands routes southeastern home temperatures °f meters interior country peaks temperate lie covers feet tribes continent hot portions migration location rain inhabitants summit landscape northwestern belt annual farming summers extreme snow occupied arid map bordered separated humid boundaries tourism deserts alpine elevations islands sq frontier expedition farther precipitation flat line bounded alps mining distinct vegetation mild height parallel crossed latitude hill altitude park concentrated coasts connected arabian tourist bordering marked northward present-day isthmus site settlement strait surrounding southernmost settlers black edge covering historically north-east warm sandy chain rugged ridge continental pass lying steep cattle forming westward subtropical trees geographically southward zones ranging Topic 68th: iraq attacks united suicide iraqi terrorism government terrorist bin people laden afghanistan security military attack world killed al-qaeda saddam bombing war al american center bbc taliban bush terrorists forces bombings foreign president hussein organization invasion civilians international political report coalition trade saudi operation islamic intelligence reuters osama regime iran afghan gulf killing york city baghdad pakistan officials news building reported flight mohammed bomb country terror un minister targets commission leaders troops muslim freedom cia public act violence leader released hostages operations civilian arabia hijackers america soldiers pentagon kuwait cnn involvement jihad media police towers resistance council buildings oil nations dead collapse kabul victims national plane sanctions militant qaeda north george abu islamist assassination kill damage administration air department history mujahideen countries financial jazeera washington force hostage died impact occupation suspected nation zarqawi fbi death bombers children reports responsibility organizations alleged responsible deaths statement israel wtc resolution enemy arrested ap explosives east fighters iraqis destruction governments ltte issued embassy bomber official conflict secretary acts prime militants target targeted announces insurgency actions plot authorities fire weapons plan americans damaged base armed targeting video workers control fighting iranian violent plans denied defense federal insurgents bombs khalid car injured rescue rights ground policy shot Topic 69th: canada canadian quebec british ontario toronto columbia province montreal vancouver north provincial united federal provinces government alberta america ottawa french nova american national canadians scotia newfoundland lawrence english calgary act saskatchewan inuit manitoba established western brunswick winnipeg harper conservative bay minister edmonton premier official windsor prime lake royal northwest liberal prince led labrador victoria yukon world queen progressive centre confederation alaska québec hudson bc territories liberals jean chrétien fraser iroquois trade stephen saint nations fort west party eaton ndp responsible moved prior history trudeau québécois arctic communities montréal riel halifax war pierre atlantic core union britain banff york program dominion nunavut prominent macdonald george maple saskatoon qc river fur favour leader agreement tory accord conservatives health levels rush alliance settlement tories growing minority pacific governor decades association charter crown company presence oregon champlain métis cree renamed visible colony ojibwa globe cent unique highway french-speaking huron gomery commission kingston clark hamilton centres division sponsorship northern francophone mackenzie superior majority deal island services prairies downtown creation hockey mulroney pearson contributed served aboriginal commonwealth service mexico gatineau care prairie michigan elizabeth section maritimes riding regional traditionally establishing grew yupik colonies sir rural shore trading english-speaking campbell lakes land mcgill commons rupert parliament site Topic 70th: stars star planet solar planets sun earth mass objects galaxies jupiter orbit galaxy system dwarf discovered atmosphere gas surface orbits core pluto observed telescope distance observations dust binary astronomers gravitational clusters object space discovery formation neptune moons saturn belt massive light cluster planetary outer visible stellar asteroids orbital giant asteroid sky hydrogen matter interstellar dark bodies astronomical comet region cloud astronomy spiral uranus comets au diameter hubble radiation moon telescopes masses period milky radio galactic nebula satellites body disk distant universe hole inner center density magnitude regions dwarfs satellite observatory radius helium supernova mars billion sequence black voyager binaries life orbiting bright temperature detected gravity rotation material wind clouds kuiper luminosity composed emission accretion hot elliptical composition spectral giants io cosmic elements velocity brightness collapse constellation evolution brightest tidal companion ceres medium motion magnetic disc interior shape particles white shock terrestrial resonance visual supernovae images existence dense cassini astronomer ring quasars faint spectrum holes extrasolar globular scattered process nebulae effect source titan field x-ray habitable rings observation limit infrared eccentricity mercury spectra study line angular distances event herschel central spectroscopic led presence measurements plane collisions eclipsing iau features activity halo magnetosphere europa components surrounding revealed component corona structure brighter meteor Topic 71th: album band released song songs music tour live release record albums records hit recorded singles recording concert uk love video chart rock studio pop played charts track tracks guitar solo billboard beatles cover singer version musical label hits debut fans artist sold hot radio lead lyrics copies performance playing mccartney vocals sound career lennon guitarist play artists grammy mtv american drummer material sales featuring don jackson producer signed recordings c